This suggests that some areas of disaster risk management, such as improved early warning systems and increased disaster management capacity, are leading to positive results (UNISDR/UNECE, 2018). Water scarcity is compounded by the effects of climate change. Overambitious policies with unrealistic targets can lead to a mismatch between the responsibilities and the resources available to responsible entities. For the most part, however, dry areas will tend to become drier and wet areas wetter (Figure 4), such that climate change will likely exacerbate water stress in areas that are already the most affected. There can also be significant variability within countries between rural and urban areas, wealth quintiles and subnational regions, as exemplified by the stark contrast between the provinces of Luanda and Uige (Angola) (Figure 7) (WHO/UNICEF, 2017a). More than half of the population growth expected by 2050 (1.3 out of 2.2 billion globally) will occur in Africa. Governance 4. This steady rise has principally been led by surging demand worlds water in developing countries and emerging economies (although per capita water resources use in the majority of these countries remains far below water use in developed countries they are merely catching up). 1 CHAPTER ONE Getting Specific to Leave No One Behind on Sustainable Development Homi Kharas, John W. McArthur, and Izumi Ohno A Compelling Vision A world free of extreme poverty.. Access to resources (land, energy and ICT) Land tenure Access to water resources is often related to land tenure, particularly in rural settings. As the affordability of water supply and sanitation services is highly contextual (see Section 5.3), states should determine such standards at the national and/or local level, together with standards about the adequate quantity and quality as well as other key elements of human rights to water and sanitation (see HRC, 2015). Given ever rising levels of local water stress (see Prologue, Section 1ii), combined with the fact that there are 286 international rivers and 592 transboundary aquifers shared by 153 countries (UN, 2018a), it could be expected that water-related conflicts have been increasing and/or are likely to increase in the future. Who are being left behind? Arguably this limits the ability of governments when combined with to tackle inequality; certainly, it has important implications for wealth inequality among droughts or floods individuals. (Alvaredo et al., 2018, p. 14). Discrimination, and responsively exclusion, marginalization, entrenched power asymmetries and material inequalities addressed in both policy are among the main obstacles to achieving the human rights to safe drinking water and practice, water and sanitation for all and realizing the water-related goals of the 2030 Agenda. million Number of people affected, annually 35 million Source: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (2018, p. 16). increasing water-related health risks Several water-related diseases, including cholera and schistosomiasis, remain widespread across many developing countries, where only a very small fraction (in some cases less than 5%) of domestic and urban wastewater is treated prior to its release into the environment (WWAP, 2017). When we refer to caste in the political and economic structures of many cultures, we understand the apparent dichotomy. PDF The commitment to leaving no one behind: Guidance, training and - OECD Between 2015 and 2050, the top net receivers of international migrants (more than 100,000 annually) are projected to be the United States of America, 10 Although these figures are frequently cited in several recent reports by United Nations agencies (among others), including ILO (2017b) as cited in this report, these estimates are based on reports published as far back as 2003 (i.e. The number of people at risk from floods is projected to rise from 1.2 billion today to around 1.6 billion in 2050 (nearly 20% of the worlds population) and the economic value of assets at risk is expected to be around US$45 trillion by 2050, a growth of over 340% from 2010. (p. 209). Weapon: Water as a weapon of conflict, where water resources, or water systems themselves, are used as a tool or weapon in a violent conflict. Of 200 million Dalits (= former Untouchables), nearly 50% are women, often referred to a thrice Dalit. List of Participants: Training of Trainers on Integrating Policy and Data to Leave no One Behind in the Philippines, 19-22 June 2023, Manila, Philippines Author: Erik Miguel D. Aguilar Subject: Training of Trainers on Integrating Policy and Data to Leave no One Behind in the Philippines, 19 22 June 2023, Manila, Philippines Keywords Western Asia 60 40 and North Africa Tunisia 20 Proportion of the population 80 0 using basic hygiene facilities (%) 60 Rural No global estimate Poorest Sidi Bouzid 40 20 0 Figure 14 Population of the world: Estimates (19502015), and medium-variant projection with 95% prediction intervals (20152100) 95% prediction intervals Population (billion) 14 Medium 12 Estimates 10 Source: UNDESA (2017a, fig. Female migrants outnumbered males in all regions except Africa and Asia (UNDESA, 2017b). 4 2 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100 Africa and Asia account Urbanization and informal settlements for nearly all current Nearly all net population growth is taking place in cities and the world is becoming population growth, increasingly urbanized, creating new and difficult challenges for urban water although Africa is management (see Chapter 6). Key constituencies making representations through the Open Working Group and other, Billions of people around the world live at the margins pushed or kept out, often in silence, without adequate protection of the law. (PDF) Understanding and Promoting the 'Leaving No One Behind' Ambition 18 The United Nations World Water Development Report 2019 The initial search using the keywords and phrases yielded 377 Community-based action is critical in addressing the root causes of leaving people behind with respect to water and sanitation. Poor water quality directly impacts people who rely on these sources as access to water (i.e. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2019 However, among the countries with a coverage of less than 95% in 2015, only one out of ten is on track to achieving universal basic sanitation by 2030 (UN, 2018a). Education and literacy health and well-being Education Water and sanitation facilities in schools are fundamental for promoting good hygienic behaviour and children's health and well-being. On behalf of the WWAP Secretariat, we would like to extend our deepest appreciation to the afore- mentioned agencies, members and partners of UN-Water, and to the writers and other contributors for collectively producing this unique and authoritative report that will, hopefully, have multiple impacts worldwide. Africa and Asia account for nearly all current population growth, although Africa is expected to be the main contributor beyond 2050 (Figure 15) (UNDESA, 2017a). Most of these countries have less than 6% of their cultivated area equipped with irrigation systems (AQUASTAT, n.d.) and, therefore, a low withdrawal rate compared to the available freshwater resources at country level/scale, despite potentially severe water stress at local levels. Yet, it is in the rural areas that poverty, hunger and food insecurity are most prevalent. It provides insights and guidance in helping identify who is being left behind, and describes how existing frameworks and mandates, such as the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs and human rights-based approaches, can help reach the furthest first, through improved water management. The absolute number of people living in extreme poverty fell from 1.85 billion in 1990 to 0.76 billion in 2013. Leaving no one behind. 1.2.2 Physical accessibility of water and sanitation Water supply and sanitation infrastructure must be located and built in such a way that it is genuinely accessible, with consideration given to people who face specific barriers, such as women, children, elderly people, people with disabilities and chronically ill people (De Albuquerque, 2014). 3, p. 11). Over 60% of all international migrants live in Asia (80 million) or Europe (78 million). According to a report from the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), Large and persistent economic and demographic asymmetries between countries are likely to remain key drivers of international migration for the foreseeable future. Large WASH service providers can use commercial financing and indirectly support vulnerable groups through cross-subsidization. Figure 21 Top 10% national income share across the world, 2016 70 Share of national income (%) 60 54 55 61 47 55 50 46 41 India Middle East 40 37 30 20 10 0 Peoples Russia USA and Sub-Saharan Brazil Europe Republic of Canada Africa Source: Adapted from Alvaredo et al. Good governance relates tailored to specific to systems that have qualities of accountability, transparency, legitimacy, public target groups participation, justice and efficiency and therefore overlaps with the principles of the HRBA. The lack of access to adequate sanitation facilities in the workplace can dissuade women from seeking employment in establishments and institutions that do not provide adequate facilities (e.g. 5 Drinking water from an improved source, provided collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing. By 2015, 181 countries had achieved a coverage of over 75% for at least basic drinking water services (Figure 8). Mass displacement places strain upon water resources and related services, including sanitation and hygiene, at transition and destination points, creating potential inequalities between existing populations and new arrivals. Digitalization and Industry 4.0 30 Service sector jobs tend to be less water-dependent than those in agriculture and industry (WWAP, 2016). PDF DFID's work on education: Leaving no one behind? - Theirworld Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism, Providing high-level policy advice to developing countries with the purpose to shape national policies is a key function of the UN. This particularly concerns the social inclusion of Roma, most of. The worlds water: An increasingly stressed resource Water use has been increasing worldwide by about 1% per year since the 1980s, driven by a combination of population growth, socio-economic development and changing consumption patterns. Subsidies that promote greater community participation empower vulnerable groups to allocate resources toward their own priorities. As with water supply and sanitation, there can be significant inequalities within countries, as shown by the example of Tunisia (Figure 13) (WHO/UNICEF, 2017a). PDF. through indicators growing demands for water-intensive goods and services, including food and energy). WWAP provided the opportunity for individuals to be listed as authors and contributors or to be acknowledged in this publication. 1 The Education Commission, The Learning Generation: Investing in Education for a Changing World (2016) p. 2, 13 2 For example Q81 HC639 will cause change, eliminate existing jobs, and create new activities and jobs remains the subject of some debate. United Nations Educational, Scientic and Cultural Organization The United Nations World Water Development Report 2019 LEAVING NO ONE BEHIND water and UNECE, UNECLAC, sanitation UNESCAP, UNESCWA Sustainable Empowered lives. Slums remain most pervasive in Sub-Saharan Africa (UN, 2017). International human rights law obliges states to work towards achieving universal access to water and sanitation for all, without discrimination, while prioritizing those most in need. v. Labour and employment Labour force participation An estimated four out of five jobs are water-dependent. Figure 17 Proportion of urban population living in slums, 2000 and 2014 2000 Sub-Saharan Africa 65 2014 56 Central and Southern Asia 46 Eastern and South-Eastern Asia 32 38 Oceania 28 24 Northern Africa and Western Asia 24 23 Latin America and the Caribbean 22 29 21 Europe and Northern America 0.1 Australia and New Zealand 0.1 0.03 0.03 Least Developed Countries 62 67 78 Landlocked Developing Countries 59 80 World 28 23 Source: UN (2017, p. 40). Creating coherence between the various institutional levels is essential to ensure that policies deliver on their objectives. Additional attention has been paid to this problem in recent years with governments, donors and humanitarian agencies recognizing that leaving no one behind means serving refugees and IDPs as well as host communities. The international poverty line for extreme poverty is US$1.90 a day 2011 PPP and the median poverty line is US$3.10 a day 2011 PPP. Over 25% of children living in rural areas live in extreme poverty, extreme poverty live compared to just over 9% of children in urban areas (UNICEF/World Bank, 2016). However, 750 million adults two-thirds of whom are women remain illiterate. 4 Drinking water from an improved water source that is located on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination (improved sources include: piped water, boreholes or tube wells, protected dug wells, protected springs, rainwater, and packaged or delivered water). Internal migration The vast majority of migrants do not cross borders but remain within their own country. Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events. Our special thanks go to Audrey Azoulay, Director-General of UNESCO, for her vital support to WWAP and the production of the WWDR. With the adoption of the 2030 Agenda, UN Member States pledged to ensure no one will be left behind and to endeavour to reach the furthest behind first. The global population using at least a basic sanitation service increased from 59 to 68% between 2000 and 2015. 1 2017 United Nations. Recognizing that the dignity of the human person is fundamental, we wish to. Deteriorations in According to the World Inequality Report 2018, Economic inequality is largely driven by the food security have unequal ownership of capital, which can be either privately or public owned. The Spanish version of the Report is available thanks to the National Association of Water and Sanitation Utilities of Mexico (ANEAS) and its members, and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). The Pacific Institutes chronological list Water Conflict Chronology (Pacific Institute, n.d.) defines three such categories: Trigger: Water as a trigger or root cause of conflict, where there is a dispute over the control of water or water systems or where economic or physical access to water, or scarcity of water, triggers violence. Denied healthcare, citizenship or fair pay, those unprotected, List of contributors Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Foreword Richard Jolly 1. We are profoundly grateful to the Italian Government for funding the Programme and to the Regione Umbria for generously hosting the WWAP Secretariat in Villa La Colombella in Perugia. For countries where high levels of absolute deprivations persist, an appropriate emphasis is likely to be ensuring that people living below the poverty line in income terms or other dimensions of wellbeing can attain minimum living standards. The gender gap remains even larger in the Least Developed Countries, at 31%. Their inclusion does not imply endorsement by the United Nations University. Global prevalence is greater for women than men, standing at 19% and 12%, respectively. Stefan Uhlenbrook Richard Connor xi The basic principle facilities though resource-sharing and economies of scale, less costly decentralized water behind selecting WASH supply and sanitation systems have been shown to be successful solutions in smaller technologies is not urban settlements, including refugee camps. Prologue 11 Ideally, the tariff level paid by the customers who do not receive the rebate should be high enough to repay the principal and interest at commercial terms. However, these amounts are indicative as they might depend on particular contexts and some individuals and groups may also require additional water due to health, climate and working conditions (CESCR, 2002a). 3 According to the World Health Organisation (WHO): Disability disproportionately affects women, older people, and poor people. This has at times caused conflict and tensions with host communities, particularly if the parties do not have equal access to water services. The research unearthed the specific pathways through which existing socioeconomic inequities rooted in caste, class and occupational entities magnify the vulnerabilities experienced by women during such a health crisis, and offers a contextualized framework for understanding the gendered impacts of the crisis.
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