Revised 23 November 2013 The Map Viewer help documentdescribes how to use the Map Viewersoftware. Genome-wide association of body fat distribution in African ancestry populations suggests new loci. Trans. a Manhattan plots showing one significant signal on the CFA10 for the drops ears phenotype and another one on chromosome 12 for the large and round ears. A diploid somatic cell from a dog (Canis lupus familiaris) has a total of 78 chromosomes (2n = 78). c UCSC genome browser showing the position on the canine genome (Canfam3.1) of the mutated lincRNA (in red) associated with the drop ears. 65, 145153 (2017). 45, D190D199 (2017). By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Chromosome Number | BioNinja In this study, the density of WGS generated variants allows us to bypass fine mapping steps and directly identify likely functional mutations for four body size genes: LCORL, R3HDM1, ADAMTS9-AS, and HNF4G. R. Soc. Proc. Google Scholar. 4c). We thank the American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, the intramural program of the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health. As with body size genes, the observations associated with ear morphology highlight a recurring theme in dog genetics; i.e., that small numbers of genes/RNAs control seemingly complex phenotypes (Fig. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for cattle stature identifies common genes that regulate body size in mammals. Genome Data Viewer. How Many Chromosomes Do Dogs Have? | BioExplorer SBW, SBH and life span were applied to all samples from the same breed. Dog Genomic Sequence Data: whole genome shotgun (WGS) data, display a Genome Res. 9, e1003409 (2013). DNA-binding domains were predicted using InterPro70. No mutations were identified within exonic sequences of either gene. In addition, the inclusion of wild canids and indigenous dog genomes provides an efficient mechanism for identifying ancestral versus derived alleles at any locus and, thus, studies of domestication. For each phenotype, we used average of the standard breed (male + female average). BOYD, J. S. Veterinary anatomy of the dog: Millers anatomy of the Dog. Domestic dog breeds are characterized by an unrivaled diversity of morphologic traits and breed-associated behaviors resulting from human selective pressures. However, examination of the human orthologous region reveals numerous annotated histone marks on the locus suggesting non-coding variants modulating regulatory elements in long-limbed dogs (Fig. Proc. Sisodiya, S. M. et al. Methionine sulfoxide reductase B3 deficiency causes hearing loss due to stereocilia degeneration and apoptotic cell death in cochlear hair cells. This will facilitate the identification of breed-specific and shared genomic variation, including that associated with complex diseases. Examples of the former can include gaps, or the alignment We also remove the genomes of village, mixed breed and dogs of unknown origin, but retain the genomes of wild canines in order to ascertain ancestral versus derived alleles, thus generating a working dataset of 268 modern breeds dogs and 54 wild canids. 5b). P values estimated by MannWhitneyWilcoxon tests (*P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001). & Dewey, C. N. RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. Identity Preferred Scientific Name Canis lupus familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 Preferred Common Name dogs Other Scientific Names Canis dingo Blumenbach, 1780 Sci. 14, R132 (2013). They can survive in most climates, altitudes, and terrains. 5a) which contains two genes: Regulating Synaptic Membrane Exocytosis 1 (RIMS1), a gene involved in cognition processes in humans47, which is an unlikely candidate, and Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily Q Member 5 (KCNQ5). Using the empirical top 1% of genomic regions, most of the candidate genes (13 of 18) identified from GWAS show significant allele frequency, or LD differentiation, between case and control populations (Table5 and Supplementary Fig. PLoS Genet. Four genes (ADAMTS9, HNF4G, R3HDM1, ZNF608), together with a subset of previously reported genes (IGSF1, GHR, SMAD2, STC2) make small contributions to SBW variance, accounting for 29%. We propose that either MSRB3, an adjacent gene associated with human deafness45,46 or Wnt inhibitor factor 1 (WIF1), which is located 140kb upstream from MSRB3 and is associated with ear morphology in pigs58, may be the target of the mutated lincRNA. If you enter a Bottlenecks and selective sweeps during domestication have increased deleterious genetic variation in dogs. 8, 80 (2017). Partial Y-chromosome assemblies have been developed for the cat (Felis catus), dog (Canis lupus familiaris), and grey wolf (Canis lupus lupus), providing the opportunity to examine the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) Y-chromosome in the context of closely related species. J. The original range of Canis lupus consisted of the majority of the Northern hemisphere -- from the Arctic continuing south to a latitude of 20 S, which runs through southern Central Mexico, northern Africa, and southern Asia. vonHoldt, B. M. et al. Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog. Nature Communications (Nat Commun) Canis lupus familiaris Annotation Report - National Center for PCR-based Y chromosome marker for discriminating between - Springer 14, 23882396 (2004). attempted to overcome this problem by comparing whole exome sequencing (WES) to SNP genotyping in a small number of dogs53. Wucher, V. et al. The placement is based on the alignment of the sequences to the components of the contigs. The file was converted to vcf format using plink-recode vcf and -a2-allele with a list of reference alleles for each locus from the canfam3.1 assembly60. Genet. 7), but no gene or causal mutation has been reported to date. We confirm all body size variants by Sanger sequencing DNA from 468 independent dogs encompassing 96 breeds of varying size and shape (five dogs/breed minimum) (Supplementary Data5). Genetic architecture and selection of Chinese cattle revealed by whole genome resequencing. Commun. Biol. We compare variants from 60 breeds (113 dogs) with drop and 46 (101 dogs) with prick ears (Fig. GDV supports the exploration and analysis of NCBI-annotated and selected non-NCBI annotated eukaryotic genome assemblies. Images to the left are Great Dane (top) and Greyhound (bottom). a) What is the total number of DNA molecules in G2 of the cell cycle? Zhou, X. Of note, values shown on the X chromosome for IRS4 and IGSF1 at heterozygous genotypes correspond only to females (male are hemizygous on these loci). Chem. Field, James M. Ferguson, Olga Dudchenko, Jens Keilwagen, Benjamin D. Rosen, Gary S. Johnson, Edward S. Rice, La Deanna Hillier, Jillian M. Hammond, The grey wolf (Canis lupus) was the first species to give rise to a domestic population, and they remained widespread throughout the last Ice Age when many other large mammal species went extinct . Gnomon uses protein alignments in addition to transcript alignments and, in order to capture as much coding information in the genome as possible in this assembly, Gnomon models may represent partial as well as complete coding sequences. Genomic analyses reveal the influence of geographic origin, migration, and hybridization on modern dog breed development. Model Mech. Kim, J. et al. Oncol. 46, 11731186 (2014). Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) have a total chromosome number of 78 (2n=78). Nucleic Acids Res. clone insert sequences either in finished or draft form, and BAC-end sequences. 2a and Supplementary Data1). Hypothesizing that breeds with different traits have experienced distinct evolutionary processes, we performed five independent case/control analyses based on a subset of traits previously defined: (1) long legs; (2) bulky (tall heavy muscled); (3) standard breed height/weight; (4) drop ears, and (5) large ears (Table5 and Supplementary Data911) with a goal of localizing signals of population-specific selection. Genome-wide association study identifies African-ancestry specific variants for metabolic syndrome. Natl Acad. LCORL cDNA was amplified and Sanger sequenced in ten dogs (small, medium and large breeds) using four primer pairs (Supplementary Data7). Taxonomy browser (Canis lupus familiaris) - National Center for Canis lupus familiaris Taxonomy ID: 9615 (for references in articles please use NCBI:txid9615) current name Canis lupus familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 homotypic synonym: Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 includes: beagle dog beagle dogs Genbank common name: dog NCBI BLAST name: carnivores Rank: subspecies Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard) Philos. USA 113, 152157 (2016). Internet Explorer). The derived allele for each of these genes was only observed in bulky breeds, including the Bernese Mountain Dog, Great Dane, English Mastiff, and Saint Bernard (Supplementary Data4 and 5). KCNQ5 is a member of the K+ channel family is strongly associated with hearing in mice48. b Associations identified using body mass including the bulky phenotype and life span. ( Canis lupus). Canis lupus familiaris (dogs) | CABI Compendium Placement of STSs from a variety of sources onto the assembled genomic sequence (the NW_xxxxxx contigs, described, Alignment of dog EST clusters to the assembled genomic sequence. In addition to the above, regulatory element variants associated with canine SBW are identified in R3HDM1, ADAMTS9 and HNF4G, affecting promoter, long non-coding RNA and 3UTR, respectively (Table3). PubMed J.K. performed the selection scans. 39, 13211328 (2007). J. Hum. Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Locke, A. E. et al. ADS Reverse transcription was performed with 1g of total RNA using the High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription kit (Applied Biosystems), according to the manufacturers instructions. The distribution of SNPs density in each window is provided in the Supplementary Fig. These clones were placed onto the genomic sequence by using their To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Chromosomal evolution of the Canidae. In order to detect inacurate data and to validate the breed/species of each genome, we used a neighbor joining phylogeny comprised of variant positions and data (Supplementary Fig. Using the AKC metrics of breed-average for both weight and life span5, we observe a negative correlation between these traits (r=0.72) (Fig. We undertake both selective sweep analyses and genome wide association studies (GWAS) inclusive of over 144 modern breeds, 54 wild canids and a hundred village dogs. FEELnc: a tool for long non-coding RNA annotation and its application to the dog transcriptome. Google Scholar. Am. Efficient mapping of mendelian traits in dogs through genome-wide association. Discordant SNVs, multi-allelic SNVs, non-variable SNVs, and those with <90% WGS call rates were removed leaving 146,076 SNP chip SNVs. As expected, we do not observe significant differences in either analysis, as the number of breeds is low and, in many cases, ideal tissue types were not available (Supplementary Fig. Vaysse, A. et al. Natl Acad. Natl Acad. To take into account SNP density, we binned genomic windows according to their SNP numbers in increments of 200, combining all windows with SNVs600 into one bin. Boyko, A. R. et al. et al. In order to annotate variants and run GWAS, we then kept only biallelic variants (SNV and indels) missing less than 10% of the individuals, for a total of 76.5 million variants using vcftools filters (min-alleles 2 andmax-alleles 2max-missing 0.9minQ 20)61. Rimbault, M. et al. Nat. However, while the approach is useful for finding exome based mutations54, it misses most regulatory mutations, which is where many high impact variants are likely to be55. Cell Rep. 19, 697708 (2017). This approach has been well-studied24 and validated1,16,17,18, as breed registries set stringent criteria for the appearance of each breed. Dog Genome Sequencing Consortium, led by the Broad Institute All Biosample numbers for the 722 genomes are listed in the Supplementary Data1 and the entire genome dataset can be found on NCBI. Twenty-five additional genomes with average depths between 6.0x and 35.1x were genotyped at these 146,076 loci. The taxonomic classification of Canis lupus in Mammal Species of the World (3rd edition, 2005) listed 27 subspecies of North American wolf, corresponding to the 24 Canis lupus subspecies and the three Canis rufus subspecies of Hall (1981). In aggregate, these results may suggest that coordinated expression of both MSRB3 and WIF1 is important for ear shape. InterPro in 2017-beyond protein family and domain annotations. Article Horizontal lines represent the empirical top 1% of genomic regions. Cingolani, P. et al. Natl Acad. Dogs, which are under the species Canis lupus familiaris, are known to have a total of 78 chromosomes (2n). Nature 518, 197206 (2015). 4b). Other phenotypes (hairless, tail shape, behaviors) are described in Supplementary Fig. 9). Sci. We detected a significant selection signature located on ESR1 locus (in grey). starting from that point and ending at the lower end of the chromosome. 1). 5c and Table 3). J. Biomech. a Validation of this WGS-GWAS approach using known examples in dogs: presence or absence of moustache and eyebrows, length of fur, and height as a multigenic trait. In blue, large breed outliers: Anatolian Shepherd Dogs (52.2kg; 13 years) and Tibetan Mastiff (70.3kg; 13.5 years) c SBW and longevity (y-axis) of each breed (without outliers) are plotted by genotype at each marker (x-axis). The latter has a vestibular role in mouse models48 and is a much stronger candidate. Genome Res. MATH We then performed the XP-CLR (hgdp.uchicago.edu/Software/) test by using the following parameters: phased genotype input (p1), non-overlapping windows of 50kb, a maximum of 600 SNPs allowed within each window (snpWin), and a correlation level cutoff of 0.95 to down-weight scores for highly correlated SNVs (corrLevel). Fly 6, 8092 (2012). Currently, assemblies from over 1870 organisms are available. The current dog genome build is based on the CanFam3.1 assembly released by the https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA448733, Description of Additional Supplementary Files, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Systematically identifying genetic signatures including novel SNP-clusters, nonsense variants, frame-shift INDELs, and long STR expansions that potentially link to unknown phenotypes existing in dog breeds, Comprehensive analysis of geographic and breed-purpose influences on genetic diversity and inherited disease risk in the Doberman dog breed, Integrated analysis of canine soft tissue sarcomas identifies recurrent mutations in TP53, KMT genes and PDGFB fusions, GWAS using low-pass whole genome sequence reveals a novel locus in canine congenital idiopathic megaesophagus, Along the Bos taurus genome, uncover candidate imprinting control regions. Exploration of additional morphological features using GWAS allows us to identify genes such as ESR1, which is associated with long legs, a mutated lincRNA downstream of MSRB3 associated with drop ears, and KCNQ5 which is associated with large and round ears. We apply the same strategy to comparisons of case population versus random-bred village dogs and find that selection signatures remain significant (16 of 18 under a more relaxed threshold of 5%), highlighting the robustness of our results (Supplementary Data10 and 11). Genome Res. Genome-wide analyses implicate 33 loci in heritable dog osteosarcoma, including regulatory variants near CDKN2A/B. The Red Fox Y-Chromosome in Comparative Context - PubMed 16,https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr16029252 (2017). 11. Primers for body size genes, ears phenotypes and GAPDH (reference gene) were designed using Primer3plus71 (Supplementary Data7). As in humans, sex chromosomes determine sex: XX in females and XY in males. Mammal Species of the World - A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . Wood, A. R. et al. (, This comprehensive radiation hybrid (RH) map was constructed at the. Yang, H. et al. c Schematic representations of LCORL proteins, highlighting the effect of the canine mutation (STOP codon after amino acid 1221 leads to a loss of 610 aa). . Linked genetic variants on chromosome 10 control ear morphology and body mass among dog breeds. As mentioned in the Searchable Terms section of the Entrez Map Viewer Help Document, any term USA 115, E7212E7221 (2018). Examination of both the WGS and testis cDNA reveals that large breeds (SBW > 41kg) harbor a 1-bp insertion in the last exon of only the long isoform (Fig. The RefSeq genome records for Canis lupus familiaris were annotated by the NCBI Eukaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline, an automated pipeline that annotates genes, transcripts and proteins on draft and finished genome assemblies.This report presents statistics on the annotation products, the input data used in the pipeline and intermediate . 2c). We test which genes contribute the most to both body size and life span, defining the ancestral allele for each gene (as opposed to derived) as that present in wild canid genomes (Supplementary Data4). Affiliations 1 School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia. ADS and Svartberg et al.7,63. Rep. 7, 15680 (2017). Vet. Article The Map Viewer supports searching on any term that describes an element on any map, Appl. In this study we utilize breed standard measurements as phenotypes. Great Dane, and Great Pyrenees (Fig. operators (AND, OR, NOT), field b) What is the total number of sister chromatids during prometaphase? Targeted regions were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with AmpliTaq Gold. Within each bin, for each window i, the fraction of windows with a value of the statistic greater than that in i is defined as the empirical P value, following the method previously reported23. 1a). a value only in the lower box, the Map Viewer will display the region of the chromosome Genes that have been annotated on the genomic contigs. of the chromosome. 1b). of an mRNA to two or more genomic regions. As expected, the identified body weight variants were never or rarely observed in wild canids (af<0.06), defining them as derived alleles (Supplementary Data4). While no genes are annotated for the interval on CFA9, the association observed on CFA1 spans the estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) gene, with the most significant variant located within the second intron of the gene (Fig. Schiffman, J. D. & Breen, M. Comparative oncology: what dogs and other species can teach us about humans with cancer. To date, most canine genome-wide association studies (GWAS) utilized one or small numbers of breeds analyzed with the Illumina Canine HD SNP array which contains 172,115 SNPs. Whole genome sequencing of canids reveals genomic regions under selection and variants influencing morphology, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09373-w. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. 79, 133155 (2002). As the number of canids in the catalog increases, so will its power. 23, 15911601 (2014). did the quality control. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Body mass and longevity analyses using 746 dogs genotyped on 170k SNP markers. A single nucleotide insertion is observed in large breeds (>41kg). J.P. and J.K. analyzed the data. Beagle version 4.172 was used to infer the haplotype phase. Chapt. Proc. This insertion introduces a frameshift, changing the sequence of 11 amino acids and creating a premature stop codon (p.S1221*), resulting in the loss of 611 terminal amino acids (Fig. (2010) highlighted the same region on chromosome CFA3 as identified by Sargan et al. IGF1R, LCORL, STC2, GHR(1), GHR(2), SMAD2, HMGA2, ZNF608, IGF1, R3HDM1, ADAMTS9-AS, HNF4G, ACSL4, and IGSF1 account for as much as 95% of SBW variation in purebred dogs (Table4). Reference Domestic dog Common Name: Domestic dogs Scientific Name: Canis familiaris Type: Mammals Diet: Omnivore Group Name: Pack Average Life Span In The Wild: 12 years Size: Five to 35. 7, 10460 (2016). We then define a primary reference dataset that retains only biallelic SNVs and small indels, for a total of 76.5 million variants (Supplementary Fig. Chromosome-length genome assembly and structural variations of the 288, 93349344 (2013). Genome-wide detection and characterization of positive selection in human populations. No canine mutation has been previously described for this gene which encodes a transcription factor that has an established association with body size in other species35,36,37,38. PubMed Central Jones, P. et al. Shows the placement of dog genomic DNA sequences from GenBank that were not used in the assembly of contigs. 11, Unit11.211.2.43 (2003). Parker, H. G. et al. The source data underlying Figs. (Canis familiaris). n. 1. Genetics 204, 192427192755 (2016). Taxonomy browser (Canis lupus familiaris) - National Center for When the GenBank_DNA map is displayed as the master map, in the default verbose mode, the descriptive text includes several columns: Total Bases, which shows the total number of bases in the GenBank record; Aligned Bases, which shows the total number of bases in the genome that were spanned by the alignment to that GenBank record; % identity for the alignment; % coverage, which shows how much of the GenBank record aligned to the genome as a percentage; Alignment-length ration, which is the ratio of the alignment length in the genome to the alignment length of the GenBank record; and Strain from which the GenBank record was derived, when available. 4: 306 . At the extreme, this can impede the identification of causal variants. We investigate several additional morphologic phenotypes including leg length, ear shape, and tail length and curl. We first analyzed males and females separately, but observed no difference in male/female genotype distributions. OMIA:000588-9615: Lens luxation in Canis lupus familiaris - OMIA Appl. Keeping only variants with minor allele frequency above 1%, genome-wide data from an average of 14 million variants per phenotype are analyzed. 44, 821824 (2012). Finally, the genetic distance between breeds of large and small size is significantly greater when estimated within body size genes compared to the whole genome (P<2.21016, MannWhitney U-test), based on the fixation index (FST) (Supplementary Fig. The same selective pressures that reduced phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity within breeds8,10,11 result in long stretches of intra-breed linkage disequilibrium (LD)1,7,12. Press and hold the '+' to expand and reveal all the . Article The percent discordance and percent WGS no call genotype according to GQ are presented in the Supplementary Fig. Adv. Evol. BMC Bioinforma. Analysis of large versus small dogs reveals three genes on the canine X chromosome associated with body weight, muscling and back fat thickness. a Manhattan plot of the multivariate GWAS for standard breed weight (SBW) and life span corrected by sex, using 746 dogs genotyped on Illumina HD SNP array11. Variants were then annotated using snpEFF version 4.3T26 and VEP 9327 with default parameters (Supplementary Table1 and Supplementary Fig. USA 98, 68716876 (2001). If a dog cell divides via meiosis the diploid daughter cells will have 39 chromosomes in the This problem has been solved! FGF4 retrogene on CFA12 is responsible for chondrodystrophy and intervertebral disc disease in dogs. The Complete Dog Book 20th edn (Ballantine Books, New York, NY, 2006). Gordon, D. Viewing and editing assembled sequences using Consed. Math. Dyn. Zillikens, M. C. et al. The RefSeq web site contains more information about RefSeq and RefSeq accessions. We used the Wald test to determine P values and Bonferroni correction was used to identify significant associations (cutoff=log10 (0.05/number of variants)=8.46). J.P. built the 76 million biallelic variants bed files and performed GWAS. The approach differs significantly from previously published studies of genetic associations, which have relied on association tests using small to modest numbers of SNPs and, more recently imputation, to analyze a single phenotype. The canine data set produced here increases the catalogue of available genetic variants from thousands to 91 million. Canfam_GSD: De novo chromosome-length genome assembly of the German Shepherd Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) using a combination of long reads, optical mapping, and Hi-C April 2020 GigaScience 9(4) Extensive and breed-specific linkage disequilibrium in Canis familiaris. mRNA alignments were used to segment the genomic sequence by putative gene boundaries, and Gnomon was executed on these segments to predict genes. & Stephens, M. Genome-wide efficient mixed-model analysis for association studies. Liu, C.-T. et al. Feeding preferences: Birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians. Browning, S. R. & Browning, B. L. Rapid and accurate haplotype phasing and missing-data inference for whole-genome association studies by use of localized haplotype clustering. We hypothesize that unbiased analysis of variant allele frequencies will reveal genomic signatures of artificial selection for specific phenotypes23, and we therefore apply sequence-based GWAS to 16 breed traits using American Kennel Club standards as phenotypic measures5,24. PLoS ONE 10, e0143546 (2015). Science 316, 112115 (2007). et al. We excluded windows with<10 SNPs to prevent the addition of spurious signals. We observed low allele frequencies (<0.03) for the described mutations in R3HDM1, ADAMTS9 and HNF4G, as estimated with the WGS data set. We identify 12 significant associations with weight (SBW) including the known canine body size genes/loci of LCORL, GHR, SMAD2, HMGA2, IGF116,18, as well as the two recently described genes: acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4 (ASCL4) and IGSF117 (Fig. Google Scholar. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Domestic dog - Encyclopedia of Life The recent publication of an annotation of missing exons and lincRNA in the dog genome highlights needed studies that will facilitate future explorations aimed at finding causative mutations in the dog59. Genetic enhancement of cognition in a kindred with cone-rod dystrophy due to RIMS1 mutation. Genome 23, 780790 (2012). Dog, facts and photos - National Geographic Standard breed weights (SBW), height (SBH) and life span were obtained from several sources: weights and height previously listed in Plassais et al.17, although they were updated if weights specified by the AKC5 were different. CAS The mitochondrial genome presented in build 3.1, NC_002008, is not derived from the boxer used for the WGS data but was obtained from a dog of the Sapsaree breed. 9, 14451460 (2016). All of the associated genes have biologically plausible links to the associated traits, although precise bone measurements from X-rays would allow us to extend our studies56. This unique genomic-demographic architecture has facilitated the study of dog breeds, leading to the identification of genes underlying both simple and complex morphologic traits13,14,15,16,17,18. PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Yet within each breed male and female height are often specified to within one to two inches and mass to within a few kilograms5. E.A.O., J.P., B.W.D., D.M.K., J.K., H.G.P., were funded by the Intramural Program of the National Human Genome Research Institute. PCR products were purified by ExoSap-It reaction (Affymetrix), and then sequenced using BigDye Terminator v3.1 (Applied Biosystems) on an ABI 3730 DNA analyzer. a Manhattan plots showing statistical significance (log10 scale) for the 30,000 most associated biallelic variants for each canine autosome, and all variants for the X chromosome (X-axis) for the long-leg phenotype observed in Sighthounds, Great Dane, and Great Pyrenees. Current scientific name Canis lupus familiaris Common name dog, dogs Taxonomic rank subspecies NCBI Taxonomy ID 9615 For more details see NCBI Taxonomy View the legacy Genome page Database links Nucleotide All nucleotide sequences 1,666,763 Genomic sequences 1,089,762 mRNA sequences 512,926 Protein Protein sequences 180,608 Conserved domains 2 A single IGF1 allele is a major determinant of small size in dogs. Genet. Genet. ESR1 is a major mediator of estrogen action, and is strongly linked to bone mass and osteoporosis in humans42. Evolution of the wolf - Wikipedia
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